Short answer, OF COURSE! It is a fascinating piece of the Human story.
Just because the new papers are being questioned, doesn’t make things wrong, it’s been the process so far. There used to be so much more to come!
Quick review of the new papers:
Overview of the new Peer Reviews
What does Google Bard, the collective mind of the internet, think?
“In 201(3), scientists announced the discovery of a new species of human ancestor, Homo naledi, in the Rising Star Cave in South Africa. The discovery was based on a remarkable collection of fossils, including skulls, jaws, teeth, and postcranial bones, representing at least 15 individuals. Homo naledi is characterized by a mosaic of features that are both primitive and derived, making it difficult to place it in the human family tree.
Anatomy and Morphology
Homo naledi is a small-bodied species, with adults standing about 1.5 meters (5 feet) tall. The braincase is small and relatively unspecialized, but the face is robust and the teeth are large. The postcranial skeleton is also relatively primitive, with features such as long arms and curved fingers that are reminiscent of chimpanzees.
Age and Environment
The fossils of Homo naledi are dated to between 236,000 and 335,000 years old, based on uranium-thorium dating of flowstones in the Rising Star Cave. This suggests that Homo naledi lived during the Middle Pleistocene, a time period that was characterized by significant environmental changes in Africa.
Behavior and Taphonomy
The Rising Star Cave is located in a remote and inaccessible part of the Cradle of Humankind, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Africa. The cave is deep and labyrinthine, and it is filled with sharp rocks and narrow passages. This suggests that Homo naledi was capable of navigating difficult environments.
The fossils of Homo naledi were found in a deep chamber of the cave, along with the remains of other animals such as hyenas, porcupines, and birds. This suggests that Homo naledi may have been preyed upon by other animals. However, it is also possible that Homo naledi actively deposited the bodies of dead animals in the cave.
Significance of the Discovery
The discovery of Homo naledi is significant for a number of reasons. First, it provides us with a new and important piece of the human evolutionary puzzle. Homo naledi is a close relative of our own species, and its discovery helps to fill in the gaps in our understanding of human evolution.
Second, the discovery of Homo naledi raises a number of important questions about the behavior and ecology of our early ancestors. Was Homo naledi capable of complex behaviors such as tool use or language? Was it a social animal? How did it interact with other species?
Third, the discovery of Homo naledi has important implications for our understanding of the diversity of human ancestors. For many years, scientists believed that there was a single linear path of human evolution, leading from our ape-like ancestors to modern humans. However, the discovery of Homo naledi suggests that human evolution was a much more complex and branching process.
Future Research
The discovery of Homo naledi is just the beginning of our understanding of this new species. Scientists are continuing to study the fossils and the Rising Star Cave in order to learn more about Homo naledi’s anatomy, behavior, and ecology. This research is likely to provide us with new and important insights into human evolution.”
Science is about civil discourse. We learn from disagreements, and redoing the work over and over, ensuring we receive the same result across the board.
Science involves peers, review, and as I mentioned, reworking.
The naledi pre prints are just that, pre prints. The papers have not even come out yet. So let’s keep that in mind, and I can tell you there is a great deal more work going on at Rising Star, which I will of course be covering.
But in the meantime, we have what Berger et. al are purporting, and then this new paper, which is not the last of its kind, trust me there.
So with all of that in mind, what are your views on Riaing Star? Emotions, and dreams of what we want aside?
For a full detailed review of the new paper, as it’s behind a paywall, watch my video here:
We have some big developments in surrounding Homo naledi this week!
As many of you know, a few months ago there were some major, and I mean major announcements out of Rising Star from Dr. Berger and team. Announcements that would blow the top of the field of Paleoanthropology, and in many cases it did. Especially in the public eye.
But should it have?
Now that others have had a chance to look at the evidence, and come out with the first peer reviewed paper on the findings, things seem to be taking a different turn, but after the media blitz, will it even matter?
On behalf of the Cambridge Journal of Human Behaviour, I have an awesome opportunity to tell you all about!
They are currently accepting undergraduate work for submissions to their peer reviewed journal! This is a chance to get your work published before you even get to graduate school!
Take look at the call for papers:
I hope you are doing well.
If you could please distribute the following message and attached document to members of your department (especially undergraduates), that would be greatly appreciated.
___________________
Cambridge Journal of Human Behaviour: Call for Submissions (Vol. 2, Issue 3)
The Cambridge Journal of Human Behaviour (CJHB) is now calling for submissions! CJHB is an internationally registered, peer-reviewed journal that is interdisciplinary in nature and dedicated to publishing the exceptional work of undergraduates from across the globe.
We are a diamond open access journal, do not charge fees of any sort (subscription, processing, membership, or otherwise), and permit the author to re-publish their work elsewhere.
The deadline for the third issue of Volume 2 is the 2nd of January, 2024. Submissions are always open and can be submitted online via our website: www.cjhumanbehaviour.com
Specific details for submission:
Dissertations, projects, and extended essays welcome
5,000 words maximum
Any topic relating to human behaviour (archaeology, anthropology, psychology, biology, etc.)
Interdisciplinary manuscripts strongly encouraged
All work must have been completed during the course of a student’s undergraduate studies
We are now also accepting book reviews
Word limit: 1,500
Reviews for books published in 2022 or later welcome
Revisiting seminal books in a field also permitted
It is commonly thought that Homo erectus was the first human species to leave our home continent of Africa. Though there is some evidence of earlier migrations accomplished by other species, it is clear that Homo erectus was the first species to accomplish mass migrations throughout Eurasia. Homo erectus fossils have been uncovered from right outside of Africa in sites in the Middle East, and extending all the way into Asia, going into Indonesia and even as far as China.
This begs a variety of questions, mainly, why did Homo erectus leave Africa, and when did these migrations begin? There are some early sites right outside of Africa that give a good idea of generally when this species first began migrating. The closest site outside of Africa that contains Homo erectus remains is ‘Ubeidiya, Jordan. This site contains great faunal and lithic assemblages, and most importantly, Homo erectus remains, including a left parietal bone, a lumbar vertebrae, and some dental remains.
Research on this site shows that during the Pleistocene, when Homo erectus was living there, this area resembled a steppe environment, with very large water bodies and woodlands, very different from the environments in Africa. It appears that Homo erectus began migrating due to environmental changes. This answers the question of why they left, but not necessarily when. Homo erectus at ‘Ubeidiya are about 1.5 million years old, but there is an even older site farther from Africa that is even older.
A map showing the migrations of Homo erectus out of Africa
Out of Africa
Even as predicted by Charles Darwin, humans and our evolutionary lineage originated in Africa. This was originally thought by the fact that our two closest extant relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas, also live in Africa, but it is now backed up by more fossil and genetic evidence. The migrations of humans out of Africa is creatively referred to as “Out of Africa”. Throughout the history of our evolution, there have been many migrations, all of which seem to have been accomplished by multiple different species.
‘Out of Africa 1’ refers to the migrations of Homo erectus throughout Eurasia, in which they migrated throughout Eurasia, especially in Asia, beginning roughly 2 million years ago. These migrations are often thought to be the first times humans left Africa, but there is potential evidence of earlier migrations done by a different species.
Another map showing Out of Africa, and the geographical ranges of different species. The red represents Homo sapiens, the orange is Homo neanderthalensis, and the green is Homo erectus.
Oldowan style stone tools have been found in Zarqa Valley, Jordan, just outside of geopolitical Africa, dating to 2.4 million years ago. This suggests an earlier migration of an earlier hominin, something similar to Homo habilis, soon after the evolution of the Homo genus. Other Oldowan style tools have also been found in China, dating to 2.1 million years ago.
All of these tool sites date to before Homo erectus ever left Africa and are more primitive than Homo erectus, suggesting that earlier migrations of early Homo took place 2.4 million years ago. These migrations could explain the origins of other primitive hominin species outside of Africa, such as Homo floresiensis in the island of Flores, in Indonesia.
The first mass migrations were accomplished later, by Homo erectus, first migrating into the middle east, in sites like ‘Ubeidiya at 1.5 million years ago, and in an even older site, known as Dmanisi, which contains the oldest fossil remains of Homo erectus outside, at 1.8 million years old. This site contains great information about the earliest migrations of Homo erectus, and has been heavily studied. With the new research done, we now have a great understanding of the humans that lived there and what their lives were like.
The Life and Ecology of Dmanisi
The Dmanisi site is a fossil cave site which was previously laid beneath a medieval city. Dmanisi has held lots of Pleistocene faunal remains that have been uncovered, including about 40 fossil hominin remains. These fossils, along with the modern life of this area, gives a good idea of what the world was like there about 2 million years ago.
Many amphibian, reptile, and mammal remains have been found. Amphibian and reptile species which have been found here include the European green toad (Bufo viridis), Greek tortoises (Testudo graeca), the European green lizard (Lacerta viridis), and several species of snake in the genera Elaphe and Natrix. Because all of these species are extant and still around today at Dmanisi, they can still be studied, allowing for a greater understanding of the ecology, landscape, and climate of this area.
By using the Mutual Climatic Range method (studying modern life to compare to prehistoric life), it has been shown that the climate at Dmanisi was warm and dry, similar to that of modern Mediterranean climates, though the average temperature was slightly warmer than it is today. The average rain levels were also slightly lower than it is today, except for in the winter.
The paleofauna of Dmanisi also indicates that the landscape was arid, with semi deserts, Mediterranean forests, and rocky substrate with bushy areas. Research of small mammals from this site, such as shrews, hamsters, and pikas, shows that roughly 36.5% of this environment was open-dry habitat, 25.7% water edge, 21% rocky, 15.5% open-wet habitat, and 1.3% woodland.
These mammals, along with other carnivoran mammals found at this site, would have provided a good meat source for the hominins living there, aiding in the transition to a more carnivorous diet in hominins. As hominin populations migrated into this area, they slowly adapted to the unique environment, which could explain the unique morphology they possessed.
The Dmanisi Hominins
The fossil hominins from Dmanisi are the oldest, unquestionable, confirmed hominins outside of Africa. By using 40Ar/39Ar (Argon-Argon) dating, paleomagnetism, and paleontologic constraints, it has been determined that these hominins lived around 1.8-1.7 million years ago. Morphologically, they are very basal, resembling early Homo in many ways, but also resembling the later Asian Homo erectus.
They are currently placed in the species Homo erectus, but have been sometimes placed in a separate species, Homo georgicus, though this species name is not commonly accepted at this time. There is lots of variation between the different individuals at the site, especially in their mandibles, but they are similar enough in overall morphology and time to belong to the same population. Their jaws and crania seem to be dimorphic in size, which could represent possible sexual dimorphism in the population.
An artist’s rendition of the Dmanisi hominins, compared with Homo sapiens and other members of Homo erectus from Asia.
The hindlimb anatomy of these hominins was similar to that of modern humans, and would have been useful for hunting down prey by using persistence hunting. Dental microwear analysis of the teeth of these hominins shows that their diets were consistent with other migrating populations of Homo erectus. Their teeth also share several synapomorphies (evolutionary traits shared between two related lineages) with Australopithecus and early Homo, especially in size.
The Dmanisi hominins would have used the rocky terrain they lived in to produce many Oldowan style stone tools, mainly using basalt and andesite as their two main blanks for these tools. Many cores, flakes, and rock debris have been found, showing that all stages of stone flaking were present. The stone knapping wasn’t very elaborate however, as most of the stones were unifacial rather than the intricate bifacial tools produced by later Homo erectus.
The Dmanisi Specimens
There are 5 cranial specimens from Dmanisi, and several associated mandibular specimens, along with many other post cranial elements. The first specimen is known as D2280.
All 5 of the hominin crania from Dmanisi side by side.
D2280
This specimen is the first of 5 cranial specimens, and is also the largest. The specimen is only a skull cap, but still has lots of well preserved features. From these features, we can tell that this individual is a male. Significant traits found in this specimen include a large supraorbital torus (brow ridge), a strong angular torus at the back of the skull, and a cranial capacity of about 775 cc.
D2282
This specimen is the second cranial specimen from Dmanisi, belonging to a young female. It is similarly incomplete to D2280, with the majority of the interorbital region (consisting of the eyes and nose) incomplete. The zygomatic and maxillary bones are complete however. The mastoid portions at the lower back of the skull are partially crushed but are still preserved. The mandibular specimen D211 is associated with the cranium. This specimen possessed a cranial capacity of about 650 cc.
The D2282 Homo erectus cranium
D2700
The third cranial specimen, D2700, belonged to a subadult male with partially erupted back molars. This specimen has damage to the maxilla and zygomatic bones, and is missing some teeth, though other scattered teeth found in the site fit in the sockets well. The D2735 mandible is associated with this specimen. This specimen had a cranial capacity of about 600 cc.
D3444
D3444 is the fourth, and perhaps the most important specimen out of the five, and has great implications for the sociality of the Dmanisi hominins. This specimen belonged to an elderly male who had naturally lost all of his teeth. In the associated D390 mandible, the canine teeth sockets hadn’t healed over, suggesting he kept those teeth. However the teeth sockets in the cranium had fully healed over, showing that he had survived for a good while after he lost them. There are a few ideas of how he could have survived this. He could have eaten plants, softer meat such as brain matter or bone marrow, but must have been in some way cared for by the other individuals, showing evidence of compassion and care early on in the species. This specimen had a cranial capacity of about 650 cc.
The D3444 and D390 Homo erectus cranium and mandible
D4500
D4500 is the last cranial specimen, and seems to be the most unique and complete out of the five, belonging to an adult male. This specimen has a very large face, with squared maxilla similar to Homo habilis, but a very small brain and a face similar to Australopithecus. Its cranial capacity was about 546 cc. This specimen had very bar-like browridges, and very large teeth which appear to be worn down and infected. The D2600 mandible is associated with this specimen.
The D4500 and D2600 Homo erectus cranium and mandible
Conclusion
There is little question that humans evolved in Africa and later migrated out of it in several waves. Homo erectus is typically considered the first species to have done this, in an event referred to as ‘Out of Africa 1’, in which it traveled throughout Europe and Asia. Earlier migrations may have taken place, but none as drastic, widespread, and long lasting as what Homo erectus did.
The earliest Homo erectus remains outside of Africa have been found in two main sites. The closest site to Africa is ‘Ubeidiya, at 1.5 million years ago, and even older but farther away, at Dmanisi.
The Dmanisi hominins are very important for our understanding of our evolution. Not only do they show when humans migrated out of Africa, when we shifted to more carnivorous diets, but they show when we began caring for each other, which was very important for our sociality, compassion, and morality.
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Not far from Olduvai George, a famous #fossil locality that was frequented by the Leakeys and colleagues, and a very important place where many lithic (stone) tools have been found, at first believed to be from Homo habilis, the first of our genus, but now is thought to be pushed back much farther in time to the Australopithecines.
Well, not far from here, on another excavation, Mary Leakey, wife of Louis Leakey, and discoverer of Zinj and many other important finds, hit the jackpot once again!
Amazingly, she came across a 75-ft trail of hominin footprints!!! It was unlike anything ever seen before!
So what does this mean? Well, as you can tell that is a two-legged, upright walking animal. This means they were #bipedal, which only has occurred habitually in those of our clade, the Hominid family. This was proof, that our ancestors were walking upright at least 3.7 mya. This was the proof that so many had been looking for!
Many more footprints of hominins from Africa and Eurasia have been found since, but there was something special about these, and they’re still is today.
After later excavation by the #Leakeys and Dr. Tim White, it was concluded that the footprints must belong to #Australopithecus #Afarensis, or the species “Lucy” belongs to. Discovered in 1976, this would change our view of humanity forever.
Look at that!
What do you think about this?
Do a little research on the topic and lets start a discussion! What do you think the #ignificance of this find is to our understanding of #Human #Origins?
I am so excited to welcome you all to the next episode of #TheStoryofUs! On this episode, I am honored to talk to prestigious professor Dr. Bernard Wood of George Washington University. We discuss his career, starting as a surgeon and medical doctor and then finding his way into our deep human past and never looking back. Taking a unique look at our origins from an anatomical point of view, Dr. Wood has been a cornerstone of much of what we understand about hominin anatomy and evolutionary morphology.
“Bernard Wood is The University Professor of Human Origins and Professor of Human Evolutionary Anatomy at George Washington University. Dr. Wood is a medically qualified paleoanthropologist who practiced as a surgeon before moving into full-time academic life in 1972. In 1982, he was appointed to the S.A. Courtauld Chair of Anatomy in The University of London, and in 1985 he moved to The University of Liverpool to the Derby Chair of Anatomy and to the Chairmanship of the Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology. He was appointed the Dean of The University of Liverpool Medical School in 1995 and served as Dean until his move to Washington in the fall of 1997. When he was still a medical student, he joined Richard Leakey’s first expedition to what was then Lake Rudolf in 1968 and he has remained associated with that research group, and pursued research in paleoanthropology, ever since. His research centers on increasing our understanding of human evolutionary history by developing and improving the ways we analyze the hominin fossil record, and on using the principles of bioinformatics to improve the ways we store and collate data about the hominin fossil record. He has a special interest in the recognition of species and genera in the hominin fossil record, and he collaborates with researchers interested in the evolution of non-hominins in the interests of ensuring that we analyze hominin evolution in a proper comparative context. He has written one of the monographs in the series on the Koobi Fora site, and publishes papers on paleoanthropological topics. He is also the editor of the Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution.”
If you learned something from this episode, or especially if you enjoyed it, be sure to like, subscribe, and share to support this Open Access, free Human Origins resource. The more we collectively know about our past, the more prepared we can be to create a bright future. Remember, there is always more to learn!
