Fire and Homo naledi

Well, here we are! Today is the big day when we will learn quite a few new details about the enigmatic Homo naledi. Found deep in the African cave system dubbed “Rising Star,”; mysterious bones and remains were found. This was back in 2013, and a great deal has happened since; as I am writing this, I am awaiting Dr. Lee Berger, the lead on the naledi team, to announce new findings and the future of the exploration of the human past. I will cover all the details as they come out today and publish this article ASAP. There are so many things that could be announced today, I have a few ideas we can discuss later after the announcements have been made, but it’s fun to guess! 

Watch the announcement here:

Homo naledi is a unique species with a mosaic of features, some of which are very modern despite how primitive they were once thought to be; we are learning more and more about this species and putting the puzzle together of who these people were. This species has many mysteries, from probable burial to who knows what else. But we will find out more tonight! 

What is going to be announced tonight? Are we going to learn about the use of fire? Or tools? What could it be? Read on to find out! 

After losing 55lbs, Dr. Lee Berger himself made it into the Dinaledi chamber, and after sitting down in a corner and looking up he saw that the roof was not pure calcium carbonate. There was a level of burned, blackened soot. Homo naledi did not make it into these deep, dark chambers in this cave in the dark. They had light. They had fire. 

On his way out of the Dinaledi chamber, at the space called the Dragon Back, a hearth was discovered, a small one with some burned animal bones, and then next to it, a more significant hearth was found with burned and blackened animal bones. The team realized they were dealing with something on an entirely new level. This prompted them to look in the other spaces they had been in previously to look for signs of the use of fire or different ways that naledi would have navigated the tunnels. 

Going back into the Lasedi chamber where the skeleton of Neo was found, where no signs of Homo sapiens have ever been found, in the deepest parts of the cave, they found burned rocks, with ashes at the bottom, and even further in, there was an abundance of burnt bone of small animals, and yet no signs of stone tools at all. 

The entire floor is covered in burnt bones, ashes, and even…charcoal. Nothing like this had ever been discovered before. Lee and his team, including many other scientists on my show, have worked together to show that these pieces of charcoal dated to the right time that H.naledi was present. “Everywhere there is a complex juncture or adjacent area, they built a fire and cooked animals.” In chambers where they disposed of the dead, they brought fire but did not cook animals”- Lee Berger. 

This small-brained hominin, which lived at the same time as us in some of the same parts of Africa, was using and developing the widespread use of fire for various reasons. So what does this show us? “We may be looking at an actual culture of a different hominin, in a way that we never have before”-Lee Berger. Homo naledi did not see in the dark; they did not navigate these unbelievable caves in pitch black, and they had a fire; this gives us insights into a whole different culture that was alive at the same time as ours; this is groundbreaking. 

If Lee never made it into that cave, we would never have seen this, “and it has changed our view of the world forever”-Agustin Fuentes. 

Catch my episode of PaleoFridays Here:

PaleoFridays

Neanderthal Cooking and Flavoring 70kya?

Neanderthal Cooking 70kya 

There are many mysteries surrounding our long-lost cousins, the Neanderthals. From how they survived to how they went extinct. One thing that has been recently discovered that changes the way we think about Neanderthals is their diet, how they consumed food, and how they even processed it. For a long time, anthropologists have been very wary of giving Neanderthals more credit than they possibly deserve. Still, as we learn more about this enigmatic species, we see how close to us they really are. Their behavior, what they did, and why seem to become much more evident with recent scientific discoveries. Today we will be discussing the discovery of how Neanderthals processed their food, something that is critical to their survival during their time, as well as leading to what we know as cooking and preparing food today. 

We once believed that Neanderthals survived off of essential foods and ate them in a state that was raw or hard to consume. But we have found evidence of food processing in Franahithi Cave in the Zagros Mountains near Shandihar cave. Not just animals that were bothered and eaten but instead cooked and prepared. Something that we did not think Neanderthals were capable of until recently. We have learned that Neanderthals could process their food, turning raw materials into more nutritious substances that helped them survive. The range of food that they ate was much more extensive than previously thought. The content of the food they consumed is much more extensive than first believed by Anthropologists. 

In Shandihar Cave, we see many remains of food processing, which we thought only modern humans could. Still, it turns out that Neanderthals were also processing their food to make it more digestible and even better tasting. No evidence exists that certain plants, herbs, and spices were used in Neanderthal cooking to flavor bland roots and tubers. Even the meat that they would have collected would have been tempered. This shows that Neanderthals were preparing their food rather than eating whatever they could find when they were looking. 

The main point of these discoveries is that Neanderthals were processing their food; they used ingredients for flavors, such as wild mustard and other roots and legumes; it is clear that the Neanderthal diet was much more extensive than once believed. Their control over what they make and eat is comprehensive, thanks to the most recent discoveries in this area. 

Adding tasteful ingredients to food preparation seems to have started with Neanderthals and seems to have continued through us; there is so much one can do with flavorings that make inedible food much tastier, and often it is these bland foods that are most nutritious. So adding flavoring to them would have made them much easier to get down and helped the population survive and continue with good food resources. 

Of course, this new diet did not save the Neanderthals; as we all know, they fell away into the annals of antiquity, leaving behind some bones, tools, and their DNA within us. But there is so much we can learn about them, and we gather new information about this species daily. 

Knowing what they were doing with their food, we have a much more robust understanding of their daily lives, what they did, and why. Only new things will come going forward, but knowing this is how we will make further discoveries surrounding our ancient cousins and what we will learn next could change everything. 

Never forget, there is always more to learn! 

Live Q/A With Me!

Join me on a LIVE Q/A session on Zoom where we will all talk about Paleoanthropology and related topics.

I will be hosting a LIVE event on the 3rd of December, be sure to attend it and get your questions about Human Evolution answered! 

It's going to be so much fun!

Get your questions answered, or find out where you can get the answers and learn all about the fascinating world of our deep human past!

Get your questions ready, and prepare to ask them on December 3rd, 11 AM PST, 2022!

It’s going to be a great event, and the more people participating and asking questions, the better! So please invite your friends and colleagues and let us have a great time!

You can find and access the ZOOM link here: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88062288995

Homo habilis: KNM-ER 1814 Skulls with Seth!

Today on this episode of Skulls with Seth, we will discuss the first of the Homo genus. Homo habilis! This is an enigmatic species that has caused a great deal of controversy surrounding it but has found itself safely nestled as the first of our genus. 

We will be examining the skull of KNM-ER 1813, looking at its features, and talking a little bit about the species. 

If you have any questions or comments (aside from my shaky hands), please let me know! 

You can also find this episode of my on my iTunes Podcast, “A Story of Us”, which you can find here: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-story-of-us/id1614498858

I hope you enjoy this episode; I hope you learn something and never forget; there is always more to learn! 

Racist Terms in Modern Day Anthropology?

I am tired of seeing certain things, and it was time I had a word on it.

Racial terms in Anthropology.

Anthropology has a long and unfortunate history of using improper, unfair, and at its worst, racist and inhumane terms to define and separate different populations.

Anthropology is a slow-moving animal, these terms are slowly dying out, but that does not stop someone from being in “the old guard.” and saying something inappropriate.

So what can we do?

We must remain indignant, informed, and up to date on what the current science actually tells us, what we feel is right, and what we know is not wrong. There are no morals in science. There is doing, and not doing. Truth and soon to be or future truth. Change the story.

These individuals should be corrected with the correct, updated scientific terminology thoughtfully.

If they continue to use the hurtful and wrong terminology, I fear you may have something more than just an old scientist in front of you, but someone who views things more racially. Please do not listen to what these people espouse. Too many of our problems today come from people listening to others wishing to cause harm.

There is a specific case in Forensic Anthropology where certain terms are used because the legal industry moves even slower. By law, certain groups of people must be categorized in specific ways. Still, these anthropologists recognize that there is no biological meaning in their designations. They are regional, geographical, and most definitely not racial.

Getting People Excited about Science with Dr. Marc Kissel

Today we are joined by Prof. Marc Kissel, a Professor of Anthropology, who has honored us by joining us for this episode of The Story of Us! 

*Premiering at 2PM PST!*

Learn about why science education is essential, what we are doing about it, and new ideas that are constantly popping up around the world of anthropology. 

It’s almost impossible to keep up with everything that is going on in this field, but we do try! Learn how the area is progressing, what is going on, and why it is essential to be excited about science! 

Join us today for this great chat! 

The Astonishing Tale of Homo naledi-as told by Dr. Lee Berger, Dr. Agustin Fuentes, and Dr. John Hawks-Into the Darkness of Rising Star

I had a wonderful time the other day with the Cambridge University Biological Anthropology Society when we hosted Professors Lee Berger, John Hawks, and Agustin Fuentes. I hope you learn so much just like I did and have a great time enjoying this debate amongst intellectual giants! 

From the President of CUBAS:

“The Rising Star cave system presents an unparalleled skeletal record of a nonhuman hominin species in the time and place most archaeologists thought that modern humans evolved. This paradox raises many questions about the nature of this species and our own and

possible interactions. We have come together to examine our understanding of the human niche and to share some of the insights from our more recent work in this cave system that may lead to a greater sense of the place of Homo naledi within our more excellent knowledge of hominins, and human, evolution.

In the Endless Forms Seminar Series, Professors Lee Berger, John Hawks, and Agustin Fuentes pose

thought-provoking questions about paleoanthropology, Homo naledi, exploration, open science, and taxonomy each other, showing that colleagues aren’t always in agreement when it comes to theory. The professors then take the time to engage with the next generation of researchers.

The CamBioAnthSoc thanks you for your interest and support.”

Here I will make it simple and easy for anyone to understand what is being discussed. This way, anyone, regardless of background, can enjoy and learn from this fantastic opportunity. 

Once again, on behalf of the Cambridge University Biological Anthropology Society’s Committee, I would like to thank everyone who RSVPd, especially the esteemed professors, for giving us so much great information to digest. 

So let’s dig right in! 

This was not the regular lecture type that we would typically host; this was not a presentation but a debate between three massive brains in the field on the aspects surrounding a new mysterious species of Hominin, Homo naledi. We are joined by Dr. Lee Berger, the team leader in charge of everything naledi related. He was the team leader on the discovery and has made many more discoveries since surrounding this new hominin. There is so much to tell about Homo naledi to do it justice, and we would need an entire other section dedicated to them, which we may bring along at some point. But for now, I would refer you to other resources to learn the essential details and the fantastic discovery tale behind this new species. 

We are joined by Dr. John Hawks, who has been a second in command regarding the naledi expedition. But far more than that, Dr. Hawks is a biological anthropologist who knows and is well-known all over the field. It is rare to see a Human Origins documentary without him in it. He’s not all flash and hard work to back up. 

Finally but not least, we have Dr. Augustin Fuentes, who is a biological anthropologist but also a behavioralist and has done a tremendous amount of work with living primates. These three teams give us insights into who and what Homo naledi possibly was, but perhaps even more what naledi was not. 

The three of them go on to debate specific points. We learned a lot about the cranial morphology or the shape and size of the skull of this new species; we heard about what it means to be human and whether or not naledi was on or was close to that path. You may be surprised by what you hear. 

But mostly, there is a sense of upcoming excitement that you can tell is barely contained by Lee and his companions, something big is on the horizon that will change what it means to be Human all over again, and be sure we will be there to cover the news! 

Until next time! 

Seth Chai 

Homo naledi the Astonishing Tale with Three Outstanding Professors

*Premiering at 5pm Pacific on the World of Paleoanthropology YouTube Channel; look for it earlier here:

I had a wonderful time this morning with the Cambridge University Biological Anthropology Society when we hosted Professors Lee Berger, John Hawks, and Agustin Fuentes; here is a description written by the student president:

I hope you learn so much just like I did and have a great time enjoying this debate amongst intellectual giants! 

https://youtu.be/uSoko59EGRo

The Rising Star cave system presents an unparalleled skeletal record of a nonhuman hominin species in exactly the time and place most archaeologists thought that modern humans evolved. This paradox raises many questions about the nature of this species and our own, and our possible interactions. We have come together to examine our understanding of the human niche and to share some of the insights from our more recent work in this cave system that may lead to greater understanding of the place of Homo naledi within our greater understanding of hominin, and human, evolution.


In the Endless Forms Seminar Series, Professors Lee Berger, John Hawks, and Agustin Fuentes take turns posing thought provoking questions about paleoanthropology, Homo naledi, exploration, open science, and taxonomy to each other, showing that colleagues aren’t always in agreement when it comes to theory. The professors then take the time to engage with the next generation of researchers.

The CamBioAnthSoc thanks you for your interest and support, and we look forward to seeing you here again!

A New Lineage of Oligocene Anthropoid? Seminar with Erik Seiffert!

Check out this new article I wrote for the Cambridge University Biological Anthropology Society about their first seminar! Unfortunately, we had issues and couldn’t record it (seminar 2 is being uploaded to view right now) I did an excellent write-up for you to know what happened.

So please head on over to their website, and take a read! It was a great seminar!

Find it here.

A Neanderthal Family Discovered! 

View on Academia:

There is so much about the past that we do not know, but every day, we learn more. Shining lights on dark places where no modern human has been. Many of us have heard of Neanderthals, and I am sure that many of us still have a grave misunderstanding of these humanoids. Neanderthals were not the brutish imbeciles as they are so often portrayed in popular culture, but intelligent survivors who were on this planet far longer than we have. While it is true they died out as a morphological species; their DNA lives on in us, around 2-4% of all non-Africans. Then, of course, there is the mysterious group of people we know nearly nothing about, the Denisovans. Still, they do not come into this story, at least not in the current research. 

Today we will be talking about the genetic evidence that was collected from 17 different individuals found within two other caves just 100km from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Chagyrskaya and Okladnikov Caves have been rich archaeological sites over the past 14 years. But today, published in Nature by Lauris Skov et al., we have the first genetic evidence of a Neanderthal family. This extraordinary evidence will lead to many insights into how Neanderthals lived, gathered socially, spread out from their localities, and so much more. So let’s dig in! (Pun intended). 

So what was found? Between the Chagyrskaya and Okladnikov Caves, 17 individuals were found, seven men, six women, and five children. All of them, in some way or another related to each other. Either biologically or socially. This is astonishing as this is the first time we have seen so many Neanderthals together, at the same time, living in the same place. We can tell from the remains that they lived and died around the same time, proving they were all together. Now we know they were related because of something called Heteroplasmy, which is “Having two or more mitochondrial DNA sources within a person, cell, or mitochondrion.” So what this means is that we can tell who is someone’s mother or father. It is about telling who is related to whom. And while, of course, not everyone was related to everyone else, we could also tell how groups of Neanderthals migrated with each other. 

The transfer of mitochondrial DNA shows that in Neanderthal groups, at least this one, which seemed to be more European cultured, vs. Eastern Neanderthals despite their location, is that females are the ones who travel between groups. Knowing this is such an essential piece of information that we could never have known for sure. But now we do. Another thing that we could tell from the DNA is that this population, which was around 54,000 years ago (late for Neanderthals who went extinct about 40-45kya), was that we could see a lack of diversity in the DNA and the genome. Meaning that they were indeed on the brink of extinction already at this time and location. Knowing their end was near, we can see this clearly in the DNA. This gives us insights into what happened to the Neanderthals and why only some of their DNA exists in us today, rather than them walking the Earth themselves. This an intrepid question that only more research will uncover. With the arrival of modern humans in France already by 55kya, we know that they coexisted for tens of thousands of years; could our interactions have led to their end? We may never know, but it is fun to speculate. But one myth I will shoot down right now, we did not go to war with the Neanderthals; there is no evidence of it or violence of that type for many thousand years. 

This new paper has uncovered a great deal for us about the lives of Neanderthals, whom they lived with, how they integrated with different groups, and possibly why their end came within the next ten thousand years. The Neanderthals will remain a massive enigma among us. We will always be drawn to the curiosity of who they were, our ancestral cousins that no longer walk the Earth. But each day, we learn more and more to make the picture more complete. Stay tuned for the following updates out of the world of paleoanthropology! 

Check out this interview I did with the author of “Kindred” Dr. Rebecca Wragg Sykes where we talk all about the daily lives of Neanderthals!